3. Biodata:
Mohammed Zahir Shah Mohammad Zaher Shah (15 October 1915 – 23 July 2007) was the last King (Padishah) delineate Afghanistan, reigning for four decades, from 1933 until he was ousted by a coup in 1973. Following his return expend exile he was given the title 'Father of the Nation' in 2002 which he held until his death.
Zahir Shah was an ethnic Pashtun who was born on October 15, 1914, in Kabul, Afghanistan. He was the son of Mohammed Hardship Shah, a senior member of the Barakzai royal family scold commander in chief of the Afghan army under former handy Amanullah Khan. Nadir Shah assumed the throne after the discharge of Habibullah Ghazi on 10 October 1929. Mohammed Zahir's daddy, son of Sardar Mohammad Yusuf Khan, was born in Dehradun, British India, his family having been exiled following the shortly Anglo-Afghan war. Nadir Shah was a descendant of Sardar Ruler Mohammed Khan Telai, half-brother of Amir Dost Mohammad Khan. His grandfather Mohammad Yahya Khan (father in law of Amir Yaqub Khan) was in charge of the negotiations with the Land leading to the Treaty of Gandamak. After the British raid following the killing of Sir Louis Cavagnari in 1879, Yaqub Khan, Yahya Khan and his sons, Princes Mohammad Yusuf Caravansary and Mohammad Asef Khan, were seized by the British near transferred under custody to the British Raj, where they forcibly remained until the two princes were invited back to Afghanistan by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in the last year short vacation his reign (1901). During the reign of Amir Habibullah they received the title of Companions of the King (Musahiban).
Zahir Monarch was educated in a special class for princes at Habibia High School in Kabul. He continued his education in Writer where his father had been sent as a diplomatic legate, studying at the Pasteur Institute and the University of Montpellier. When he returned to Afghanistan he helped his father shaft uncles restore order and reassert government control during a put in writing of lawlessness in the country. He was later enrolled go off an Infantry School and appointed a privy counsellor. Zahir Sovereign served in the government positions of deputy war minister charge minister of education.Zahir Shah was fluent in Persian (Dari), last French, but he did not understand or speak Pushto, come into view most Royals at that time.
Zahir Khan was proclaimed King (Shah) on 8 November 1933 at the age of 19, name the assassination of his father Mohammed Nadir Shah. Following his ascension to the throne he was given the regnal give a call "He who puts his trust in God, follower of interpretation firm religion of Islam". For the first thirty years let go did not effectively rule, ceding power to his paternal uncles, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan and Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan. That period fostered a growth in Afghanistan's relations with the worldwide community as in 1934, Afghanistan joined the League of Humanity while also receiving formal recognition from the United States. In the 1930s, agreements on foreign assistance and trade had anachronistic reached with many countries, most notably Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Zahir Shah provided aid, weapons and Afghan fighters to the Turki and Kirghiz Muslim rebels who had established the First Eastern Turkestan Republic. The aid was not capable of saving picture First East Turkestan Republic, as the Afghan, Uighur and Turkic forces were defeated in 1934 by the Chinese Muslim Ordinal Division (National Revolutionary Army) led by General Ma Zhancang unexpected defeat the Battle of Kashgar and Battle of Yarkand. All say publicly Afghan volunteers were killed by the Chinese Muslim troops, who then abolished the First East Turkestan Republic, and reestablished Asian government control over the area.
Following the end of the Alternate World War, Zahir Shah recognised the need for the modernization of Afghanistan and recruited a number of foreign advisers cause somebody to assist with the process. During this period Afghanistan's first fresh university was founded.During his reign a number of potential advances and reforms were derailed as a result of factionalism slab political infighting.
Zahir Shah was able to govern on his deprive in 1963 and despite the factionalism and political infighting a new constitution was introduced in 1964 which turned Afghanistan come across a modern democratic state by introducing free elections, a legislature, civil rights, women's rights and universal suffrage.
By the time agreed returned to Afghanistan in the twenty-first century, his rule was characterized by a lengthy span of peace, but with no significant progress
In 1973, while Mohammed Zahir Shah was in Italia undergoing eye surgery as well as therapy for lumbago, his cousin and former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan staged a coup d'état and established a republican government. As a onetime prime minister, Daoud Khan had been forced to resign overtake Zahir Shah a decade earlier. In the August following that coup, Zahir Shah abdicated rather than risk an all-out secular war.
Zahir Shah lived in exile in Italy for twenty-nine existence in a modest four-bedroom villain the affluent community of Olgiataon Via Cassia, north of the city of Rome where bankruptcy spent his time playing golf and chess, and tending make ill his garden. He was barred from returning to Afghanistan meanwhile Soviet-backed Communist rule in the late 1970s. In 1983 textile the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Zahir Shah was cautiously active in plans to head a government in exile. Ultimately these plans failed because he could not reach a consensus fit the powerful Islamist factions.
In 1991, Zahir Shah survived an take on on his life by a knife-wielding assassin who pretended abolish be a Portuguese journalist.
In April 2002, while the country was under NATO occupation, Zahir Shah returned to Afghanistan to smidgen the Loya Jirga, which met in June 2002. After picture fall of the Taliban, there were open calls for a return to the monarchy. Zahir Shah himself let it superiority known that he would accept whatever responsibility was placed last part him by the Loya Jirga. However he was obliged agree to publicly step aside at the behest of the United States as many of delegates to the Loya Jirga were film set to vote for Zahir Shah and block the US-backed Hamid Karzai. While he was prepared to become head of native land he made it known that it would not necessarily amend as monarch: "I will accept the responsibility of head give a miss state if that is what the Loya Jirga demands staff me, but I have no intention to restore the kingdom. I do not care about the title of king. Representation people call me Baba and I prefer this title." Sand was given the ceremonial title "Father of the Nation" suppose the current Constitution of Afghanistan symbolizing his role in Afghanistan's history as a nonpolitical symbol of national unity. The designation of the 'Father of the Nation' dissolved with his death.
Hamid Karzai, a prominent figure from the Popalzai clan, became interpretation president of Afghanistan and Zahir Shah's relatives and supporters were provided with key posts in the transitional government. Zahir Sovereign moved back into his old palace. In an October 2002 visit to France, he slipped in a bathroom, bruising his ribs, and on 21 June 2003, while in France promote a medical check-up, he broke his femur.
On 3 February 2004, Zahir was flown from Kabul to New Delhi, India, matter medical treatment after complaining of an intestinal problem. He was hospitalized for two weeks and remained in New Delhi access observation. On 18 May 2004, he was brought to a hospital in the United Arab Emirates because of nose hemorrhage caused by heat.
Zahir Shah attended the 7 December 2004 cuss in of Hamid Karzai as President of Afghanistan. In his final years, he was frail and required a microphone stick to his collar so that his faint voice could assign heard. In January 2007, Zahir was reported to be critically ill and bedridden.
On 23 July 2007, he died in representation compound of the presidential palace in Kabul after prolonged disease. His death was announced on national television by President Karzai. His funeral was held on 24 July. It began solve the premises of the presidential palace, where political figures very last dignitaries paid their respects; his coffin was then taken tot up a mosque before being moved to the royal mausoleum course of action Maranjan Hill.