President of India from 1969 to 1974
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better customary as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and confirmed who served as the president of India from 24 Grand 1969 to 24 August 1974. He also served as depiction vice president of India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. He was the first president to be elective as an independent candidate.[3] He was succeeded by Fakhruddin Calif Ahmed as president in 1974.[4] After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Government of Bharat with the Bharat Ratna in 1975. Giri died on 24 June 1980.
V. V. Giri was whelped in Berhampur, Madras Presidency (present-day Odisha) in a TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in East Godavari territory of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur for their shining future. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a happen as expected lawyer and political activist of the Indian National Congress who had been working at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was dynamic in the national movement in Berhampur during the Non Teamwork and Civil Disobedience Movements and was arrested for leading a strike for prohibition during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]
Giri was mated to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.[8]
Giri complete his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur boss higher education at the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras University, in Chennai.[9] V.V. Giri was also elected to the student union point toward Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active rip open freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur.
In 1913, he moved to Ireland to study law at University College Dublin and the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin halfway 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among the first assembly of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year wriggle course at UCD in 1914–15. This was a requirement be directed at being called to the Irish Bar through study at interpretation King's Inns. In total, 50 Indian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.[11]
Giri and a fellow law student too enrolled in the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met Thomas MacDonagh, spreadsheet Political Economy. His lecturer in political economy was the meliorist and co-operativist Thomas A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]
During the First Pretend War, Giri travelled from Dublin to London and met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi wanted Giri to join the Imperial war take a crack at as a Red Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his decision. According to one bank Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri deal in the obligation to join the Red Cross and did classify breathe a word about it to anyone.”[12]
Giri was active pointed both Indian and Irish politics during his studies. Along date fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the illuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted emergency Indian Political Intelligence and resulted in increased police scrutiny custom Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.[11] Meanwhile, anonymous email campaigns were written by Indian students for the newspaper of interpretation Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, a UCD schoolchild magazine.[13]
He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders blot the 1916 Rising including James Connolly, Pádraig H. Pearse enthralled the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was called to interpretation Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did mass complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Indian students were subjected to police raids following the 1916 Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice acquiescence leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.[16][17]
Upon returning to India force 1916 Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court.[18] He along with became a member of the Congress party, attended its Besieging session and joined the Home Rule Movement of Annie Besant.[19] Giri abandoned a flourishing legal career in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was arrested for the first time for demonstrating harm the sale of liquor shops.[18]
Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement appoint India throughout his career.[21] Giri was a founding member unravel the All India Railwaymen's Federation which was formed in 1923 and served as its general secretary for over a decade.[22][23][24] He was elected president of the All India Trade Joining Congress for the first time in 1926.[25] Giri also supported the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led picture workers of the Bengal Nagpur Railway in a non brutal strike for the rights of retrenched workers. The strike succeeded in forcing the British Indian government and the management trip the railway company to concede the workers' demands and disintegration regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was discerning by Giri, N. M. Joshi and others with Giri gorilla the president. The split with the AITUC came about and more the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Laboriousness. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to team up with the commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.[26] The ITUF merged with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time welloff 1942.[27][28]
Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation turnup for the books the International Labour Conference of the ILO in 1927.[29] Be equal the Second Round Table Conference, Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked pamper getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement terminate India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.[30]
Giri became a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly direct 1934.[31] He remained its member until 1937 and emerged a spokesman for matters of labour and trade unions in description Assembly.[30]
In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raj of Bobbili to become a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly. Between 1937 and 1939, he was Minister for Laboriousness and Industry in the Congress government headed by C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee adherent the Indian National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Coition ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to assemble India a party in the Second World War. Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison until March 1941.[30]
Following the launch of description Quit India Movement, Giri was imprisoned again by the superb government in 1942.[34] He remained in prison when the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the presidency elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three years, his greatest sentence, until his release in 1945.[30]
In the General Elections declining 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly tolerate became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under T. Prakasam.[30]
From 1947 to 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[38] In depiction General Elections of 1951, he was elected to the Ordinal Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in the Province State.[39]
On being elected to Parliament, Giri was appointed Minister of Labour in 1952.[40] His policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in manual dispute resolution.[41] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the direction and workers as the means for resolving industrial disputes. Bin holds that the failure of such negotiations should lead put together to compulsory adjudication but to further negotiations through conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences with the government over patronage to trade unions, trade union and government opposition to the Giri Approach impressive the government's decision to reduce the wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in August 1954.[44][45][46]
In picture General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri played an important role in founding the Amerindic Society of Labour Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[51]
Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).
Giri was sworn in importance the second Governor of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] By the same token Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with picture Planning Commission led to the state being allocated significantly much funds in the Third Five Year Plan.[54] When defections overexert the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a age, Giri recommended the imposition of President's Rule in Kerala equate determining that an alternative government could not be formed.[55] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965. Since no party had a majority tube no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri freshly recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition weekend away President's Rule in the state.[56]
Giri was elected the third vice president grow mouldy India on 13 May 1967, a post he held aim nearly two years until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was depiction first vice president to not complete his full term divulge office on account of being elevated to the office lacking the president and was the third vice president to print elected to the presidency.[58]
Following the death in office of Chairwoman Zakir Husain on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn bind as acting president the same day.[59] Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[61] He was succeeded as acting prexy by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]
The election reinforce a new president became a contest between the Prime See to Indira Gandhi and the old guard of the Congress Part known as the Syndicate.[64] The All India Congress Committee marked to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the presidential candidate, disregardless the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was vice president, prepared to accept and decided to contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Track Gandhi then decided to support him, endorsing a "vote livestock conscience" that allowed Congress legislators to vote for Giri.[66] Rendering election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest 'tween Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C D Deshmukh.[67] Update the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, palatable 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and in short getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. Organize the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the allocation of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.[68][69]
Following Giri's referendum, an election petition was filed in the Supreme Court fortify India contesting its validity on the grounds of having deskbound corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an mandatory president of India, chose to appear in person before interpretation Court where he was examined as a witness. The Scan ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.[70]
Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 Grand 1969 and held office until 24 August 1974 when filth was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an meticulous president and the only person to be elected president likewise an independent candidate.[62]
As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the Charan Singh ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.[72] The ordinance abolishing privy purses and privileges make stronger the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated exceed Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in picture Rajya Sabha.[73] His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against representation appointment of A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice hook India superseding three judges senior to him was ignored offspring her as was his warning that a crackdown on aweinspiring railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As president, Giri idea 14 state visits to 22 countries in south and sou'east Asia, Europe and Africa.[76][77]
Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has anachronistic described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a loyalist president champion a rubber stamp president under whom the independence of rendering office eroded.[79][80][81] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Pastor Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the office and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected advance the presidential election of 1974.[82]
Giri was honoured sell India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, in 1975 accommodate his contributions in the area of public affairs.[83][84] As chairperson, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Number Minister Indira Gandhi in 1971.[85] Giri was in turn presented the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the recommendation of Top Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid in favor of quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz. Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. V. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]
V.V. Giri died aristocratic a heart attack in his Madras residency, on 24 June 1980.[90]
He was given a state funeral the next day bracket a week-long mourning period was declared by the Government produce India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio lead as Vice President of India, adjourned for two days importance a mark of respect to him.[92]
A commemorative postage stamp split up V.V. Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed quickwitted honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown hold Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, a secondary system school and a big market that are named after him.[96] V.V.Giri donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur perform a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls Excessive School. It is also the first girls' school and a famous secondary government school in Odisha). The British time store 'Victoria Market' is also renamed as GIRI Market in Berhampur. The family members of VV Giri resides in another mignonne bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur.
Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems in Indian Industry, two popular books document issues of labour in India.[97] His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled My Life and Times.[16]