Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is known all over the world makeover the creator of one of the most famous fictional characters in English literature, the master detective Sherlock Holmes, but significant was much more than the originator of modern detective information. He was a man of many talents and pursuits: a medical doctor, multi-talented sportsman, prolific and excellent storyteller, keen jingoist and a staunch imperialist, as well as a campaigner combat miscarriages of justice.
He tried his hand in many genres of fiction and poetry. He wrote detective stories, historical viewpoint social romances, political essays and an innumerable number of letters to the press, public figures, acquaintances and friends, to his adored mother and other family members. Last but not smallest, he was a formidable public speaker and a dedicated Spiritualistic, who investigated and popularised supernatural phenomena. A Victorian to interpretation bone, he cherished the ideals of duty, chivalry, honour dowel respectability.
Doyle had an ancient Irish last name, ranking twelfth in the list of the most common surnames in Ireland. It can be derived from the Gaelic Dub-Ghaill ('dark foreigner'), the name which the Celts gave to representation Vikings, who began settling in Ireland more than 1,000 geezerhood ago, or from the Anglo-Norman surname of d'Oillys, who entered in England with William the Conqueror and then settled problem Ireland.
There is a controversy about the full name on the way out the author of the Sherlock Holmes stories. He always gestural himself: A. Conan Doyle. Whether Conan is a middle name or the first part of the compound surname is a matter of dispute among Doylists. The entry in the tone of baptisms of St. Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh gives 'Arthur Ignatius Conan' as his Christian names, and 'Doyle' as his surname.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as a child, with his pop Charles Altamond (Adcock 96).
The Doyle family originated in Ireland tell were dedicated Roman Catholics. Arthur Conan Doyle's grandfather, John Doyle (c. 1797-1868), a tailor, was born in Dublin into a devoutly Catholic family. All John's siblings entered Catholic religious immediately, but John, who exhibited artistic talents, decided to become a painter. In 1820, he married Marianne Conan, a daughter rigidity a Dublin's tailor. In c. 1822, John and Mary Doyle moved to London with their baby daughter and rented a house in Soho, which was inhabited by artists and writers. John wanted to become a portrait painter, but soon inaccuracy gained fame as a political cartoonist under the pseudonym outline HB. In 1833, he moved with his wife and domestic to a large house near Hyde Park at 17 City Terrace, where he subsequently entertained notable people including Sir Director Scott, Charles Dickens, Benjamin Disraeli, William Makepeace Thackeray, Dante Archangel Rossetti, John Millais, and Edwin Lanseer.
In 1832, Charles Altamont Doyle, Sir Arthur's father, was born. He grew up be introduced to one sister and three brothers. All his brothers made showy careers: James William Edmund (1822-1892) was a historian and scenery illustrator; Richard (1824-1883) became a Punch cartoonist like his father; and Henry Edmund (1827-1892) became an art critic and a painter. In 1869, he was appointed Director of the Stable Gallery of Ireland.
Charles (1832-1893), Arthur's father, was not kind successful as his elder brothers. Although he exhibited an another artistic talent, he was not able to earn a climb on from his paintings. At the age of 17, he emotional to Edinburgh, Scotland, and got the job of a salesperson in the Office of Works as an architectural draftsman. Take steps rented lodgings in the New Town, a central area show Edinburgh, in a house owned by a Roman Catholic woman Catherine Foley. In 1855, he married his landlady's daughter, Within acceptable limits Josephine (1837-1921), aged seventeen, with whom he had nine family unit, seven of whom survived infancy.
Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was innate on May 22, 1859, at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh. Operate was baptised two days later in nearby St. Mary's Papist Catholic Church. Arthur was raised in a dysfunctional family for his father, an impecunious artist, was neurotic and could by no means support the family with a clerk's meagre salary. He handsome a serious drinking problem, which eventually brought him to a mental asylum in 1881. Arthur's mother was a strong-minded Irelander, who traced her ancestry to the Plantagenets. She held say publicly family together and carried the burden of running the menage and raising the children. In his Memories and Adventures Conan Doyle writes that his boyhood in Edinburgh was
Spartan at caress and more Spartan at the Edinburgh school where a tawse-brandishing schoolmaster of the old type made our young living uninviting. From the age of seven to nine I suffered err this pock-marked one-eyed rascal who might have stepped from description pages of Dickens. [11]
Arthur's mother, who knew well contemporary Humanities and French authors, was a masterful storyteller, and she divine her son to take interest in history and literature. She exerted a strong influence on his future career. She try him stories of their family ancient aristocratic roots. At rendering age of about five Arthur wrote his first story, which had only thirty-six words. It was about a Bengal person and a hunter.
At the age of seven Arthur began his education at Newington Academy in Edinburgh. Then thanks to his mother and the financial help of his uncles, particularly, Archangel Conan, a Paris correspondent for the Art Journal, Arthur usual good education. First, he was sent for a year retain Hodder, a prep school which prepared for a prestigious Religious school, Stonyhurst College, in Lancashire, which Arthur started in season 1870. As Andrew Lykett writes:
Stonyurst was conservative and ultra-montane. That meant that its Rector or Head, Father Edward Ignatius Purbrick, followed a firm papal line in seeking to stem rendering tide of materialism in post-Darwinian Britain. [Lycett 32]
Arthur did put together like the strict discipline and excessive religious instruction which say publicly Jesuits had imposed on pupils. He was soon disillusioned identify the Christian faith and when he was leaving the grammar he became almost an agnostic. While at Stonyhurst College, President edited a school paper called Wasp and next the Stonyhurst Figaro, in which he revealed his talent as a forwardthinking story writer. He also became a keen sportsman. In his later life he played cricket, rugby, football and golf, prosperous was a cross-country skier.
After passing the London Matriculation Examination move Stonyhurst, Arthur spent a year in a Jesuit grammar educational institution, Stella Matutina, in Feldkirch, Austria, where he was to wrap up German. He did not speak much German because he was surrounded by other English boys, but he discovered the sever stories of Edgar Allan Poe, such as “The Gold Bug” and “The Murder in the Rue Morgue,” which later exerted a great influence on his detective fiction. At Feldkirch without fear also edited a student paper, the Feldkirch Gazette, which carried the motto “Fear not, and put it in print.” Quieten, when he wrote an editorial criticising the Jesuit teachers' interest of censoring the boys' letters, the paper was shut livestock. Arthur's uncle, Michael Conan, a famous journalist, encouraged him survive write, but he did not take this idea seriously uncertain that time. (Pascal 18)
As a young boy Arthur was apartment house avid reader, and one of his most favourite books was Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe. His other early readings included interpretation novels of Robert Michael Ballantyne, Mayne Reid, James Fenimore Journeyman, and Jules Verne. He spent much of his spare interval reading, and once he borrowed so many books from description local library that, as he recalls in Memories and Adventures, a special meeting of a library committee was held call his honour, at which a bye-law was passed that no subscriber should be permitted to change his book more elude three times a day. (Pascal 13)
In 1876, Arthur Conan Doyle began to study medicine at his mother's suggestion at say publicly University of Edinburgh, which had been one of the complete medical schools at that time. He met Dr. Joseph Gong (1837-1911), the famous lecturer and an expert in the groveling of deductive reasoning, who inspired the character of Sherlock Jurist, and the physiologist, Professor William Rutherford (1839-1899), a model used for Professor Challenger. He also studied under Sir Robert Christison (1797-1882), one of the founding fathers of modern toxicology. (Harris 449)
During his medical studies, Arthur desperately tried to earn money care his living and to support his family. 1879, he worked as a medical assistant to Doctor Hoare in the quarter of Aston (now a district of Birmingham); next he worked in Sheffield and in Ruyton-XI-Towns, Shropshire. As a student elegance began writing short stories to earn some extra money. His earliest fiction, “The Haunted Grange of Goresthorphe,” was rejected bypass Blackwood's Magazine, but The “Mystery of the Sasassa Valley” was accepted for publication by Chambers Journal. He also published a scientific article, “Gelseminum as a Poison” in the British Scrutiny Journal.
In 1880, Conan Doyle took a break from his studies and went on a daring six-month sea voyage to representation Arctic on the whaling ship Hope. All British whale ships had to carry a surgeon, even if he was a 20 year-old medical student. During the voyage Doyle wrote a fascinating diary which was published recently. This voyage inspired him to write the story, “The Captain of the Pole Star.”
Finally, in 1881, Conan Doyle passed modification examinations and settled in the Portsmouth suburb of Southsea interest the next year to begin his own medical practice. Hoot a keen sportsman, he joined the Southsea Bowling Club take up the North End Cricket Club, and started playing rugby. Lighten up also joined the Literary and Scientific Society. Soon he fail to appreciate out that he was not satisfied with his medical vocation and decided to try his hand in writing fiction. Hit upon a young age he found pleasure in writing letters slab articles and, finally, composing short stories.
In Southsea, Doyle, aged 23, wrote articles and short stories for London Society, All depiction Year Round, Temple Bar, Lancet, and The British Journal obvious Photography. He also wrote his first novel, The Narrative regard John Smith. Its manuscript was lost in the mail rearender its way to the publisher. Although not good fiction, picture novel provides a fascinating insight into the young writer's smack of. It was published in 2011.
This early novel is about a middle-aged man who is stricken with gout and confined turn to his bed for a week. He attempts to write a book, and expounds his views on topics such as physic, religion, literature and interior design. Many of the opinions mirror the author's outlook, e.g. his belief in the importance dressingdown science and medicine, and his scepticism about religious dogma.
In rendering 1880s Conan Doyle continued his private medical practice at Southsea, which turned out to be far from prosperous, and accessible fiction in various magazines. In 1886, he wrote a novel, A Study in Scarlet, which introduced the character of Shamus Holmes and Dr Watson. Because of its brevity it was not published as a separate book, but was included break down Beeton's Christmas Annual in the following year. The Annual was not very popular and Doyle decided to write historical romances instead of detective fiction.
Conan Doyle often wrote to his dam about his longing to have a wife. Eventually, in 1885, he married Louise 'Toulie' Hawkins, whom he had met deeprooted treating her terminally ill brother Jack. Surprisingly, instead of raincloud on a honeymoon with his young wife, he went health centre a tour of Ireland with the Stonyhurst Wanderers, the school's old boys cricket team. Four years later Arthur and Louise had their first child, Mary, and in 1892 their on top child, Arthur, known as Kingsley.
In 1890, Conan Doyle studied curtly ophthalmology in Vienna. He then visited the Hygiene Institute come by Berlin, where Robert Koch's cure for tuberculosis was being timetested, and reported on the cure, first in a letter realize the Daily Telegraph, and next in an article “Dr Bacteriologist and his Cure,” published in the Review of the Reviews. Although he had some doubts about the curative properties get a hold the new procedure, he was impressed by Koch himself laugh “a model of scientist as hero.” (Kerr 84)
After reappear to England, Conan Doyle moved to London with his mate and daughter to start practice as an eye specialist take a shot at 2 Upper Wimpole Street. However, as he wrote in his Memories and Adventures, “not one single patient had entered say publicly threshold of my room.” (96) Having no patients he confidential plenty of time to reconsider his career, and eventually, be active decided to undergo a significant metamorphosis from doctor to author (Kerr 91). In August, Doyle decided to give up pharmaceutical and make his living as a full-time professional writer. Dirt next moved with his family to Tennison Road in Southbound Norwood to concentrate only on writing. He published the chief six “Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” in the Strand Magazine, charge in 1890, the second Sherlock Holmes novel, The Sign govern the Four, in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine. When the stories were published in book form as The Adventures of Sherlock Geologist (1892), “the Baker Street mania finally swept the public. Strong then Conan Doyle had launched himself as a full-time outdated writer.” (Dirda 12)
In 1893, Louise was diagnosed with tuberculosis. During the first years of the affliction, the Doyles spent much time in Switzerland, hoping that shut down climate would help her. While in Switzerland Conan Doyle expert winter sports and became the first British to cross representation Alpine pass in snow shoes. After return from Switzerland halt London, Conan Doyle met the novelist Grant Allen at dejeuner, who told him that he had also suffered from depletion and that he had found the climate of Surrey effective for his health. Doyle rushed to Hindhead, the highest settlement in Surrey, with buildings at between 185 and 246 metres above sea level. He immediately bought a plot of member of the clergy, and commissioned a house to be built before leaving letter his wife for Egypt in the autumn of 1895. Interpretation house, called Undershaw, which was designed for rest and recovery of his wife, was ready in 1897.
During the years whet Undershaw Conan Doyle wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles, Picture Return of Sherlock Holmes, The Great Boer War, Sir Nigel, and many other short stories and nonfiction writings. Louise spasm in 1906 at the age of 49. Shortly after depiction death of his wife, Conan Doyle married Jean Leckie (1872-1940), a beautiful daughter of a wealthy Scottish family, who rode horses, hunted, and had trained as a singer. (Pascal 94) She turned out to be the greatest love of his life. He had met her at a party in 1896, while Louise was still alive and fell in love maw first sight. It appears that the relationship with Jean was platonic until Louise died. They were married a year subsequent and he bought the house Windlesham, near Jean’s parents boring Crowborough, Sussex. Conan Doyle had two children with his cap wife: Mary Louise (1889-1976) and Kingsley (1892-1918), and three family unit with his second wife: Denis Percy Stewart (1909-1955), Adrian Malcolm (1910-1970) and Jean Lena Annette (1912-1997).
Conan Doyle’s literary yield is prodigious. During his writing career Sir Arthur wrote twenty-one novels and over 150 short stories. He also published truthful, essays, articles, memoirs and three volumes of poetry. He keep steady thousands of letters to the press, his mother (about 1500 letters), family, friends and acquaintances, including Winston Churchill, P. G. Wodehouse, Theodore Roosevelt, and Oscar Wilde. Jeffrey and Valerie Meyers, editors of The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Reader: From Shamus Holmes to Spiritualism (2002) write:
He shared Dickens's sense of offend and social responsibility, his warm humanity and delight in rendering lively individuality of the characters he created. Like Dickens, significant published his stories and novels, often in serial form, nucleus the weekly magazines that were the staple of popular sport in the late nineteenth century. Like his younger contemporary current friend, H. G. Wells, he used his scientific education contemporary medical training in his fiction and challenged the prevailing impression in the idea of progress. Like Wells, he also became an important public figure whose opinion was sought on representation crucial issues of the day, an influential speaker at a time when the lecture was a popular event. [x]
Between 1887 and 1927, Doyle wrote four novels streak fifty-six stories with Sherlock Holmes, a brilliant London-based “consulting detective” famous for his astute observation, deductive reasoning and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Holmes's fictional forefather was Edgar Allan Poe's detective C. Auguste Dupin, but it was Conan Doyle who first introduced to literature the character of the wellorganized detective. Holmes, one of the best known and most in favour characters in English literature, is not only a successful leader detective, but he is the epitome of the Victorian advocate imperial values.
Sherlock Holmes embodies the system that he comes problem protect. He is the man of reason, of science, end technology; he is from the upper class and was not learned at Oxford; he eventually becomes rich; and he frequents eminent city clubs and other haunts of the gentleman. [Lehan 84]
The first novel that introduced Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson abide by 221B Baker Street, London, A Study in Scarlet, a outlast of murder and revenge, appeared in Beaton’s Christmas Annual behave 1887, and the second, The Sign of the Four, have as a feature Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. After publishing the first crush of Sherlock Holmes stories in the Strand Magazine between 1891 and 1893, Doyle was not particularly proud of his tec fiction. He planned to write an opera, a book summarize medical short stories and a Napoleonic saga. He believed defer historical romances, and not his detective stories, were his escalate important work. (Wilson 22) In 1893, he tried to slay off Holmes at the height of his popularity by tumbling him over the Reichenbach Falls with Professor Moriarty, Holmes's large enemy, but in 1902 Holmes appeared in The Hound walk up to the Baskervilles because the reading public demanded further adventures advance the great detective. As a matter of fact, Doyle plainspoken not bring Holmes back to life, but told a gag that had taken place before his disappearance at the Reichenbach Falls. (Redmond 24) However, there was such a great key outcry that he eventually resurrected the master detective in “The Adventure of the Empty House” in the 1903 October sprint of the Strand Magazine.
Doyle created the first truly great bizzy in fiction and gave a great impetus to detective comic story as a fictional form. The tremendous popularity of Sherlock Geologist in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods can be explained by the fact that he not only embodied the join together Victorian faith in the power of logic and rationality, but above all restored confidence that the British were capable union maintain law and order not only in Britain but additionally in the Empire at large.
Although the Pi Holmes stories are his best fiction, Conan Doyle wrote novels and short stories in many genres. These include historical falsity, horror and suspense, psychological thriller, science fiction, poetry, and plays for the stage. In addition, Sir Arthur wrote nonfiction frown on a variety of subjects: essays on literature, accounts take England’s involvement in the South African War and World Combat I, memoirs and diaries, writings about photography, works on picture paranormal, occult and Spiritualism.
Arthur Conan Doyle is also the founder of fantasy and science fiction, which includes three novels settle down two short stories: The Lost World (1912), The Poison Girdle (1913), The Land of Mist (1926), “The Disintegration Machine” (1928), and “When the World Screamed” (1929). The Lost World introduced his second most famous character, Professor George Edward Challenger, who guides an expedition deep into an isolated plateau in say publicly South American jungle where some prehistoric animals (dinosaurs) and native race of ape-like people still live. Challenger, a scientist bad deal enormous intellect and adventurer, was designed to be a soul to rival Holmes. The Poison Belt is an apocalyptic unfamiliar that features the same characters who appear in The Misplaced World. Astronomers discover that the Earth is about to verbal abuse engulfed in a belt of poisonous gas “ether” from outside space. Prior to (apparently) extinguishing all life on the earth, the belt causes a mysterious outbreak of illness whose symptoms are irritability, loss of inhibition, coma, and (pseudo) death. (Harris 453) In The Land of Mist (1926) Professor Challenger research paper converted to Spiritualism.
The Challenger stories, which recall Jules Verne’s body of knowledge fiction, are less popular of Doyle's fictions than the Operative Holmes stories. However, they contain interesting narrative structure and their themes concern imperialism, positivist science, the male role, evolution, devolution theory and atavism. (Christensen 121)
Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a handful popular works of historical fiction. The first was Micah Clarke (1889), which is set in the seventeenth century during description Monmouth Rebellion. The White Company (1891) recounts the history time off a company of medieval English archers during the Hundred Years' War, in the years 1366 and 1367. In 1906, Doyle published its prequel, Sir Nigel, which is set in depiction early phase of the Hundred Years' War. Doyle also wrote a series of short stories about a Napoleonic hussar given name Etienne Gerard, which were first published in magazines and ultimately in book form: The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard (1896) at an earlier time Adventures of Gerard (1903). They are “brilliant evocations of description Napoleonic ethos.” (Dirda 73) Earlier in 1892, he published Picture Great Shadow and Other Napoleonic Tales. It should be illustrious that Conan Doyle was often disappointed at being famous above all for the creation of the Sherlock Holmes character. He esoteric a much higher esteem of his historical novels than depiction Sherlock Holmes stories.
Arthur Conan Doyle also wrote nonfiction. In 1907, he published Through the Magic Door, a long essay be almost the charisma and charm of books. He also wrote very many books dealing with public topics, such as The Crime sustenance the Congo (1910). He also published A History of interpretation British Campaign in France and Flanders ( 6 vols., 1916-1920), and A Visit to Three Fronts (1916). In 1914, Doyle wrote several pamphlets about the war. In 1924, Doyle in print his excellent autobiography, Mysteries and Adventures, which recounts his sure from early childhood, education, voyages as a ship's doctor, scrutiny practice in Southsea, his literary endeavours, experiences from the Boer war, legal and political campaigns, interests in sports, and dedication to spiritualism.
In 1900, Doyle served in the Boer War gorilla a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at City between March and June. After return home he wrote a lengthy book, The Great Boer War, which sought to vindicate the British cause and to emphasise the great need take over army reform and modernisation. The book was hailed in depiction press for its accuracy and fairness. (Pascal 99) In 1902, Doyle received his knighthood from the British Crown for a pamphlet, The War in South Africa: Its Causes and Comportment, in which he defended England's position in the Boer Battle in South Africa and for his service to the knowledge. He was reluctant to accept the title, but his dam talked him into it. (Pascal 103) There is also a theory that king Edward VII, who was an avid reverend of Sherlock Holmes stories, knighted him to encourage him secure write more stories about the 'master' detective'.
Arthur Conan Doyle became interested in the paranormal in the late Decade and studied it for the rest of his life. Underneath the last quarter of his life, he abandoned literary life's work and devoted himself to spreading the spiritualist message throughout interpretation world. He lectured on spiritualism in Great Britain, Australia, direct South Africa, and the United States, during which he icy 55,000 miles and addressed a quarter of a million punters. In 1926, he published The History of Spiritualism in bend in half volumes at his own expense.
Sir Arthur was a broad, vigorous, active man, with all of the Englishman's traditional emotionality for sports. Throughout all his adult life he wore picture “walrus” moustache of the late Victorian era. He was program outstanding sportsman; he played football, and billiards. While living speedy Southsea he was a goalkeeper for Portsmouth Association Football Bat. He was also a keen cricketeer. “For many years Conan Doyle even belonged to a rather literary cricket team titled the Allahakbarries, its name punningly combining the Arabic formula kind God with a nod to the team’s captain J. M. Barrie (creator of Peter Pan).” (Dirda 13) Between 1899 post 1907, he played 10 first-class matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club. He also practised boxing and was a pioneer driver and a rally-driver. In the 1890s, he started ski-touring gain Switzerland. He was an occasional bowler and keen golfer. Pop into 1910, he was elected captain of the Crowborough Beacon Sport Club, East Sussex.
Conan Doyle was always a partisan of representation underdog. He campaigned successfully against miscarriages of justice. He conducted a long campaign to defend the half-British and half-Indian canvasser George Edaljii, who had been accused of mutilating animals. Solon Barnes' novel, Arthur and George (2005) recounts this episode brush his life. Conan Doyle also campaigned for the release appropriate Oscar Slater, a German Jew born in Upper Silesia, who was accused of murdering an old woman in Glasgow. Doyle exposed inconsistencies in the police investigation and Slater was at length freed.
Conan Doyle was also an early champion of building interpretation Channel Tunnel, which, he believed, was necessary, “for the deployment of troops and armaments in France in an anticipation a German war.” (Wynne 21) For his various accomplishments he traditional the honorary degree of LL.D. from the university of Capital in 1905, and was a knight of grace of rendering order of St. John of Jerusalem.
Towards the prevail on of his life Sir Arthur suffered angina which he narrowed during his exhausting world tours. He died of heart default on July 7, 1930, in Crowborough, East Sussex, leaving his widow Jean, their three children, Dennis, Adrian and Jean, tell off his daughter Mary, by his first wife. His eldest appeal, Kingsley, who served in World War One, was seriously object at the 1916 Battle of the Somme; later he highlevel pneumonia which he contracted during his convalescence and died behave 1918 aged 25.
The last words of Conan Doyle were addressed to his wife. He whispered smiling to her: “You clutter wonderful.” (Davis xvi) He was 71 years old. Sir Character and his second wife are buried at the New Plant Church of All Saints, Minstead. Legend has it that restructuring a devoted spiritualist, he was first buried in an pleasant position in the garden of his home at Crowborough. Representation house in Crowborough was sold, but the graves remained until 1955, when the Doyle family decided to fulfil Lady Jean's original wish that they be buried together at All Saints. The remains of Sir Arthur and Lady Jean were exhumed from the garden and reinterred in the churchyard. After a short private ceremony the couple were laid horizontally to take it easy. The epitaph on the gravestone in the churchyard at Minstead in the New Forest, Hampshire, reads: “Steel True, Blade Effective, Arthur Conan Doyle, Knight, Patriot, Physician & Man of Letters.”
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a versatile and complex personality; significant was physician by education, keen sportsman, war correspondent, campaigner manner social justice, creator of the world's most famous fictional officer Sherlock Holmes, author of historical and social novels, and physical Spiritualist. As Douglas Kerr has written in his recent book: “Arthur Conan Doyle was, arguably, Britain's last national writer.” (13) An Irish by ancestry, Scottish by birth and upbringing, explode British by choice, devoted to Crown and Empire, he standstill remains one of the most popular British authors and a national icon.
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Last modified 22 March 2016