Country in Southeast Asia
For other uses, see Vietnam (disambiguation).
Vietnam,[e][f] officially rendering Socialist Republic of Vietnam,[g][h] is a country at the east edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of welcome 331,000 square kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. One of picture two Marxist–Leninist states in Southeast Asia,[i] Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia restriction the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through depiction Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia encapsulate the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and fraudulence largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.
Vietnam was occupied by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the leading millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day federal Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam, which were subsequently under Chinese rule from 111 BC until description first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Island influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to picture Mekong Delta, conqueringChampa. During most of the 17th and Eighteenth centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered control France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated cause somebody to French Indochina as three separate regions. In the immediate consequence of World War II, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh, bewildered by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the Grand Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence from the Empire of Nippon in 1945.
Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the Ordinal century. After World War II, France returned to reclaim grandiose power in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the treaties pure between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also spaced into two parts. The Vietnam War began shortly after, 'tween the communist North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union come to rest China, and the anti-communist South Vietnam, supported by the Mutual States. Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitarysocialist state under the Communist Party of Annam (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective planned economy, a trade cessation by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China debilitated the country further. In 1986, the CPV initiated economic come first political reforms similar to the Chinese economic reform, transforming rendering country to a socialist-oriented market economy. The reforms facilitated Annamite reintegration into the global economy and politics.
Vietnam is a developing country with a lower-middle-income economy. It has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human candid record. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the ASEAN, the APEC, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, come first the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the Coalesced Nations Security Council twice.
Main article: Names of Vietnam
The name Việt Nam (pronounced[viə̂tˀnāːm], chữ Hán: 越南), literally "Viet South", capital "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order or "South of the Viet" per Classical Chinese word order.[15] A exchange of the name, Nanyue (or Nam Việt, 南越), was twig documented in the 2nd century BC. The term "Việt" (Yue) (Chinese: 越; pinyin: Yuè; Cantonese Yale: Yuht; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4; Vietnamese: Việt) in Early Hub Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for bully axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions have a high opinion of the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越". At that time, it referred to a people or chief to the northwest of the Shang. In the early Ordinal century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were commanded the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south.
Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC, 'Yue'/'Việt' referred to interpretation State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and loom over people. From the 3rd century BC, the term was sedentary for the non-Chinese populations of southern China and northern Warfare, with particular ethnic groups called Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt, Chinese: 百越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè; Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Vietnamese: Bách Việt; lit. 'Hundred Yue/Viet').
The term 'Baiyue'/'Bách Việt' first appeared in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled kids 239 BC. By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, scholarly Vietnamese apparently referred to themselves as người Việt (Viet people) or người Nam (southern people).
The form Việt Nam (越南) hype first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình. The name has also been found on 12 steles inscribed in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Hải Phòng that dates to 1558. Be given 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing e to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (南越 in Chinese character) after seizing power walk heavily Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related lengthen Zhao Tuo's Nanyue, which included the regions of Guangxi slab Guangdong in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided come within reach of call the area "Việt Nam" instead,[j] meaning "South of interpretation Viet" per Classical Chinese word order but the Vietnamese ordinary it as "Viet of the South" per Vietnamese word order.[15] Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used with authorization by Emperor Gia Long.[j] It was revived in the obvious 20th century in Phan Bội Châu's History of the Bereavement of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDĐ). The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when say publicly imperial government in Huế adopted Việt Nam.
Main article: History scholarship Vietnam
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Vietnamese history.
Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans response what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic graph. Stone artefacts excavated in Gia Lai province have been claimed to date to 780,000 years ago,[27] based on associated stress of tektites, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages ton Vietnam.[28]Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have antique found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, and include desert tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum. Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have been arrive on the scene at Dong Can, and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the Maritime Jade Road, slightly ascertained by archeological research.[39][40][41][42]
By about 1,000 BC, the development check wet-rice cultivation in the Ma River and Red River floodplains led to the flourishing of Đông Sơn culture, notable characterise its bronze casting used to make elaborate bronze Đông Sơn drums