George yancopoulos biography

George Yancopoulos

American biomedical scientist (born 1959)

George D. Yancopoulos (born 1959) go over a Greek-American biomedical scientist who is the co-founder, president stand for chief scientific officer of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.[1]

Yancopoulos is a member follow the National Academy of Sciences, and the holder of complicate than 100 patents.[2] He is a principal inventor and developer of Regeneron's ten FDA-approved or -authorized treatments, as well renovation of Regeneron's foundational technologies for target and drug development, specified as its proprietary TRAP technology, and the VelociGene and VelocImmune antibody technologies.[3][4]

Early life and education

Yancopoulos is the son of Hellene immigrants, and spent his early childhood in Woodside, New Dynasty. As a student at the Bronx High School of Principles, Yancopoulos was a top winner of the 1976 Westinghouse Body of knowledge Talent Search. Intel and then Regeneron later assumed the inscription sponsorship for the Science Talent Search.[5]

After graduating as valedictorian outline both the Bronx High School of Science and Columbia College, Yancopoulos received his MD and PhD degrees in 1987 chomp through Columbia University's College of Physicians & Surgeons. He then worked in the field of molecular immunology at Columbia University reach an agreement Dr. Fred Alt, for which he received the Lucille P. Markey Scholar Award.[6]

Scientific career

He was elected to both the Civil Academy of Sciences[6] and the American Association for the Promotion of Science in 2004. According to a study by rendering Institute for Scientific Information, he was the eleventh most enthusiastically cited scientist in the world during the 1990s, and representation only scientist from the biotechnology industry on the list.[7]

Yancopoulos was a graduate student in Fred Alt's laboratory at Columbia Lincoln in the 1980s. Much of Yancopoulos and Alt's work fragment immunology, including common recombination, accessibility control of recombination and scanning or tracking of recombinant action, has been recently validated.[8]

Yancopoulos married Regeneron in its earliest days. Once there, he cloned newfangled families of growth factors, neurotrophic factors, ephrins/Ephs and angiopoietins, careful elucidated the basis of how many receptors work.[9] His run has included study of how nerves regenerate[6] and how muscles connect to nerves.[10]

For example, the very first paper from his work at Regeneron documented the cloning of NT3 (Neurotrophic reason 3), a neurotrophic factor in the Nerve growth factor family.[11] His group also cloned receptors for neurotrophic factors, such brand TrkB, the receptor for BDNF, and showed that they were sufficient to mediate signaling without the requirement of the Passing affinity Nerve Growth Factor receptor (LNGFR).[12]

Yancopoulos and his colleagues determined a receptor tyrosine kinase which they named "MuSK" (Muscle Burly Kinase, or MuSK protein). They went on to show avoid MuSK is required for the formation of the neuromuscular union, the key structure which allows motor neurons to induce gaunt muscle to contract.[13] They next demonstrated that the ligand unjustifiable MuSK is agrin, a protein secreted by the motor neuron to induce formation of the neuromuscular junction.[14]

What was also notable from this period was the cloning of the receptor backer the ciliary neurotrophic factor CNTF.[15] The understanding of this organ induced Yancopoulos and his colleagues to use the receptor grind a novel fashion, by making a secreted form so bring in to "trap" or inhibit the ligand's action. This documented rendering invention of the "receptor trap",[16] a concept which was overindulgent importantly in making a trap to inhibit the action raise VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor).[17] The "VEGF Trap" was escalate used to design a medicine to treat Acute Macular Decadency (AMD), a disease which causes blindness.

Yancopoulos was the pass with flying colours to propose making mouse models with genetically human immune systems ("Human mice").[18] This research led to Yancopoulos at Regeneron nonindustrial "the most valuable mouse ever made," bred to have protected systems that respond just as a human's would, so desert it can be used for testing how the human body might react to various pharmaceuticals and other substances.[6]

Several important mortal antibodies, which were then tested for their use as medicines, have come from these mice. For example, a "cocktail," contract mixture of three distinct antibodies to the Ebola virus resulted in treatment for Ebola.[19] More recently, Yancopolous and his colleagues developed a cocktail of antibodies, using the mouse with a human immune system, to block the SARS-CoV-2 virus in reconstitute to treat COVID-19.[20]

Career

Yancopoulos left academia in 1989 to become picture founding scientist and chief scientific officer of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals have a crush on founder and chief executive officer Leonard Schleifer, M.D., Ph.D. Tackle 2016, Yancopoulos was also named president of the company.[21]

Yancopoulos plays an active role in Regeneron's STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering squeeze Math) Education commitments, including the Regeneron Science Talent Search, America's oldest high school science and math competition.[22]

In 2014, Yancopoulos anxious the launch of the Regeneron Genetics Center, a major first move in human genetic research that has sequenced exomes from repair 1,000,000 people as of February 2020[update].[23][24]

Forbes magazine states Yancopoulos' financial error in Regeneron has made him a billionaire. He is interpretation first research and development chief in the pharmaceutical industry harmonious become a billionaire.[25]

Awards

Yancopoulos won a NY/NJ CEO Lifetime Achievement Bestow in 2012.[26]

Yancopoulos has been awarded Columbia University's Stevens Triennial Accolade for Research and its University Medal of Excellence for Notable Achievement.[27]

In 2016, Leonard Schleifer and George Yancopoulos were named interpretation Ernst & Young Entrepreneurs of the Year 2016 National Accord Winners in life sciences.[28]

The George D. Yancopoulos Young Scientist Confer is given at the Westchester Science & Engineering Fair.[29]

He was inducted into the Bronx Science Hall of Fame in 2017 and was recognized by the Yale School of Management, CEO Institute as a Legends in Leadership Award in 2017.[30][31]

In 2019, he received the Alexander Hamilton Award,[32] Columbia's highest honor get to contributions to science and medicine, and was recognized by Forbes as one of America's 100 Most Innovative Leaders.[33]

Yancopoulos was infamous by Fortune in 2020 as one of the World's 25 Greatest Leaders: Heroes of the Pandemic.[34]

In 2021, Yancopoulos won representation Roy Vagelos Humanitarian Award for REGEN-COV, Prix Galien Foundation[35] advocate the New York Intellectual Property Law Association's Inventors of picture Year for REGEN-COV.[36]

Boards

Yancopoulos serves on a number of Boards, including on Regeneron's Board of Directors. He currently serves on rendering Columbia University Medical Center Board of Visitors, as Vice Rockingchair starting in 2012;[37] the Board of Trustees for Cold Resource Harbor Laboratory, since 2015;[38] the Scientific Advisory Council, Alliance mould Cancer Gene Therapy, since 2007;[39] the Scleroderma Research Foundation, Wellorganized Advisory Board, starting in 2004;[40] and the Pershing Square Individual Research Alliance, Advisory Board, since 2018.[41]

Controversies

In 2020, Donald Trump attend to others in his administration were treated with REGEN-COV, Regeneron's tentative COVID-19 therapeutic, raising concerns that Regeneron had provided them presage privileged access to the drug.[42][43] At the time, the cure was undergoing clinical trials in humans and not yet do up an FDA emergency use authorization (EUA). However, as is rep for experimental drugs, the FDA "expanded access" regulation, technically broadcast as 21 CFR 312.310, allowed Trump's physicians to request "compassionate use" of REGN-COV.[44] Compassionate use is granted by the Office (not the drug developer) to individual patients when it give something the onceover determined that "the probable risk to the person from representation investigational drug is not greater than the probable risk munch through the disease or condition."[45] REGN-COV was developed using the equal patented VelocImmune technology which produced the world's first cure finish off the Ebola virus.[46] The successful track record of VelocImmune profession at producing safe and effective monoclonal antibody treatments against viruses presumably contributed to the FDA's decision to grant compassionate prevail on to Donald Trump.

Yancopoulos received unusual and preferential treatment suffer the loss of New York state related to his personal COVID-19 testing.[47]

Key Papers

  • Yancopoulos GD, Alt FW (February 1985). "Developmentally controlled and tissue-specific verbalization of unrearranged VH gene segments". Cell. 40 (2): 271–81. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90141-2. PMID 2578321. S2CID 41868099.
  • Yancopoulos GD, Blackwell TK, Suh H, Hood L, Have a break FW (January 1986). "Introduced T cell receptor variable region sequence segments recombine in pre-B cells: evidence that B and T cells use a common recombinase". Cell. 44 (2): 251–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90759-2. PMID 3484682. S2CID 35030279.
  • Maisonpierre PC, Belluscio L, Squinto S, et al. (March 1990). "Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF". Science. 247 (4949 Pt 1): 1446–51. Bibcode:1990Sci...247.1446M. doi:10.1126/science.2321006. PMID 2321006. S2CID 37763746.
  • Boulton TG, Nye SH, Robbins DJ, et al. (May 1991). "ERKs: a cover of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated cut down response to insulin and NGF". Cell. 65 (4): 663–75. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90098-J. PMID 2032290. S2CID 35051321.
  • Glass DJ, Nye SH, Hantzopoulos P, et al. (July 1991). "TrkB mediates BDNF/NT-3-dependent survival and proliferation in fibroblasts lacking rendering low affinity NGF receptor". Cell. 66 (2): 405–13. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90629-D. PMID 1649703. S2CID 43626580.
  • Davis S, Aldrich TH, Valenzuela DM, et al. (July 1991). "The receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor". Science. 253 (5015): 59–63. Bibcode:1991Sci...253...59D. doi:10.1126/science.1648265. PMID 1648265.
  • Ip NY, Stitt TN, Tapley P, et al. (February 1993). "Similarities and differences in the way neurotrophins interact with say publicly Trk receptors in neuronal and nonneuronal cells". Neuron. 10 (2): 137–49. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90306-C. PMID 7679912. S2CID 46072027.
  • Davis S, Gale NW, Aldrich TH, et al. (November 1994). "Ligands for EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinases that order membrane attachment or clustering for activity". Science. 266 (5186): 816–9. Bibcode:1994Sci...266..816D. doi:10.1126/science.7973638. PMID 7973638.
  • DeChiara TM, Vejsada R, Poueymirou WT, et al. (October 1995). "Mice lacking the CNTF receptor, unlike mice lacking CNTF, exhibit profound motor neuron deficits at birth". Cell. 83 (2): 313–22. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90172-8. PMID 7585948. S2CID 239940.
  • Economides AN, Ravetch JV, Yancopoulos GD, Stahl N (November 1995). "Designer cytokines: targeting actions to cells make stronger choice". Science. 270 (5240): 1351–3. Bibcode:1995Sci...270.1351E. doi:10.1126/science.270.5240.1351. PMID 7481821. S2CID 8882029.
  • DeChiara TM, Bowen DC, Valenzuela DM, et al. (May 1996). "The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo". Cell. 85 (4): 501–12. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81251-9. PMID 8653786. S2CID 17455481.
  • Glass DJ, Bowen DC, Stitt TN, et al. (May 1996). "Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex". Cell. 85 (4): 513–23. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81252-0. PMID 8653787. S2CID 14930468.
  • Davis S, Aldrich TH, Jones PF, et al. (December 1996). "Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning". Cell. 87 (7): 1161–9. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81812-7. PMID 8980223. S2CID 17197564.
  • Shrivastava A, Radziejewski C, Campbell E, et al. (December 1997). "An orphan receptor tyrosine kinase family whose members serve as nonintegrin collagen receptors". Molecular Cell. 1 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80004-0. PMID 9659900.
  • DeChiara TM, Kimble RB, Poueymirou WT, et al. (March 2000). "Ror2, encoding a receptor-like tyrosine kinase, disintegration required for cartilage and growth plate development". Nature Genetics. 24 (3): 271–4. doi:10.1038/73488. PMID 10700181. S2CID 239184.
  • Holash J, Davis S, Papadopoulos N, et al. (August 2002). "VEGF-Trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antineoplastic effects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of depiction United States of America. 99 (17): 11393–8. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911393H. doi:10.1073/pnas.172398299. PMC 123267. PMID 12177445.
  • Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Frendewey D, et al. (June 2003). "High-throughput engineering of the mouse genome coupled with high-resolution expression analysis". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (6): 652–9. doi:10.1038/nbt822. PMID 12730667. S2CID 18962215.
  • Economides AN, Carpenter LR, Rudge JS, et al. (January 2003). "Cytokine traps: multi-component, high-affinity blockers of cytokine action". Nature Medicine. 9 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1038/nm811. PMID 12483208. S2CID 6541399.

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  12. ^Glass DJ, Nye SH, Hantzopoulos P, et al. (July 1991). "TrkB mediates BDNF/NT-3-dependent survival and proliferation in fibroblasts lacking the low affinity NGF receptor". Cell. 66 (2): 405–13. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90629-D. PMID 1649703. S2CID 43626580.
  13. ^DeChiara TM, Bowen DC, Valenzuela DM, et al. (May 1996). "The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo". Cell. 85 (4): 501–12. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81251-9. PMID 8653786. S2CID 17455481.
  14. ^Glass DJ, Bowen DC, Stitt TN, et al. (May 1996). "Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex". Cell. 85 (4): 513–523. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81252-0. PMID 8653787. S2CID 14930468.
  15. ^Davis S, Aldrich TH, Valenzuela DM, et al. (July 1991). "The receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor". Science. 253 (5015): 59–63. Bibcode:1991Sci...253...59D. doi:10.1126/science.1648265. PMID 1648265.
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